Motion sickness is a general term for an unpleasant combination of symptoms, such as dizziness, nausea and vomiting, that can occur when you are travelling.

See Motion sickness - symptoms for more information.

In most cases, symptoms of motion sickness improve as your body adapts to the conditions causing the problem.

For example, if you have motion sickness on a cruise ship, your symptoms may improve after a couple of days. However, some people do not adapt and have symptoms until they leave the environment that is causing them.

What causes motion sickness?

Motion sickness is thought to occur when there is a conflict between what your eyes see and what your inner ears, which help with balance, sense. Your brain receives a jumble of contrasting information, which is thought to bring on the symptoms of motion sickness. See Motion sickness - causes for more information.

Treating motion sickness

Mild symptoms of motion sickness can usually be improved with self-care techniques, such as closing your eyes and distracting yourself by listening to music.

More serious symptoms of motion sickness can be treated with medication. Hyoscine is a medicine that is widely used to treat motion sickness and has a good track record.

See Motion sickness - treatment for more information.

How common is motion sickness?

It is thought that everyone can potentially get motion sickness, but that some people are more vulnerable than others.

For example, almost everyone on a ship in very rough seas would be expected to have motion sickness. However, about 3 out of 10 people may also have symptoms of motion sickness regularly on journeys by road, sea or air.

Women are more likely to get motion sickness than men, particularly if they are pregnant or having their period. People who are affected by migraines may be more likely to experience motion sickness, and are also more likely to have a migraine at the same time as motion sickness. 

Motion sickness is also more common in children who are 3 to 12 years of age. After this age, most teenagers grow out of motion sickness.

Symptoms of motion sickness usually begin with:

• a feeling of discomfort in your upper abdomen
• feeling sick 
• an increasing feeling of being unwell

These symptoms may then be followed by a second, more severe set of symptoms, including:

• pale skin
• cold sweat
• dizziness
• increased production of saliva
• vomiting

Some people also experience additional symptoms, including:

• rapid, shallow breathing
• headaches
• drowsiness
• extreme tiredness

Mal de debarquement syndrome

Mal de debarquement syndrome means "illness of disembarkation". It is a very rare condition that is triggered by travel, such as on a boat or plane. The symptoms last long after the journey has finished.

Instead of the usual symptoms of motion sickness, such as nausea, people with mal de debarquement syndrome feel as though they are rocking or bobbing, and may describe it as feeling as if they are still on the boat. Many people feel like this for a few hours after a journey, but for people with mal de debarquement syndrome, the symptoms can last for months or even years.

To understand the causes of motion sickness, it is useful to know about the vestibular system.

The vestibular system

The vestibular system is a complex combination of nerves, small channels and fluids inside your inner ear. It gives your brain a sense of balance and motion.

For example, if you stand up and walk towards your front door, the position of the fluids inside your vestibular system will change. The vestibular system transmits information about the changes in the position of the fluids to your brain, so that it knows exactly how and where you are moving. This allows the rest of your body to maintain balance.

Motion sickness theory

Most experts support the theory that motion sickness is caused by a conflict of information between your senses.

Your brain holds details about where you are and how you are moving. It constantly updates this with information from your eyes and vestibular system. However, if the messages from these two senses conflict, your brain cannot update your current status and the resulting confusion will lead to the symptoms of motion sickness.

For example, if you are travelling by car, motion sickness can occur because your brain cannot cope with the conflicting information from your eyes and your vestibular system. Your eyes tell your brain that you are travelling at more than 30 miles an hour, but your vestibular system tells your brain that you are sitting still.

This mismatch of information can lead to the symptoms of motion sickness, such as nausea and vomiting.

Travel-associated motion sickness

The types of travel that are most likely to cause motion sickness are:

• boat and ship travel
• air travel
• car travel
• train travel

Other types of movement, such as fairground rides or swings, may also cause motion sickness.

Motion sickness without travel

Motion sickness can sometimes occur when you are not travelling. For example, there have been reports of people experiencing symptoms of motion sickness after playing fast-paced computer games, such as racing games.

This occurs because the realism of computer graphics can produce the same mismatch between visual information and the information provided by the vestibular system. Some people may also experience motion sickness while watching a film recorded on a shaky camera or while taking part in a virtual reality game or ride. 

When to seek medical advice

You only need to have motion sickness diagnosed if your symptoms continue after you stop travelling. If this happens, see your GP to rule out other possible causes of your symptoms, such as a viral infection of your inner ear. This is known as labyrinthitis.

Self-care

You may be able to relieve the symptoms of motion sickness by using the self-care techniques below. 

Minimise head and body movements

If possible, choose a seat or cabin in the middle of a boat or plane because this is where you will experience the least movement. Using a pillow or a headrest may help you to keep your head as still as possible. 

Fix your vision on a stable object

For example, look at the horizon. Do not read or play games because this may make your symptoms worse. Closing your eyes may help relieve symptoms. 

Get some fresh air

If possible, open the windows or move to the top deck of a ship to get a good supply of fresh air. Avoid getting too hot. 

Relax

Relax by listening to music while focusing on your breathing or carrying out a mental activity, such as counting backwards from 100. 

Food and drink

Avoid eating large meals or drinking alcohol before travelling.

Stay calm

Keep calm about the journey. You may be more likely to experience motion sickness if you worry about it. 

Medication

Several medications can be used to treat motion sickness. However, as motion sickness delays digestion, your body will not absorb medication as well if you take it when you already have symptoms. It is usually better to take medication before your journey to prevent symptoms developing.

Hyoscine

Hyoscine, also known as scopolamine, is widely used to treat motion sickness. It is thought to work by blocking some of the nerve signals that are sent from the vestibular system in your inner ear that can cause nausea and vomiting (see Motion sickness - causes for more information about the vestibular system).

Hyoscine is available over the counter from pharmacists. For it to be effective, you will need to take hyoscine before you travel. If you are about to go on a long journey, such as a sea journey, hyoscine patches can be applied to your skin every three days.

Common side effects of hyoscine include:

• drowsiness
• blurred vision
• dry mouth 
• dizziness
• constipation 

Due to these side effects, never take hyoscine if you are going on a car journey and you plan to drive for all or part of the way.

Rarer side effects of hyoscine include:

• nausea
• vomiting
• mental confusion, particularly in elderly people 

Hyoscine should be used with caution in children and elderly people. It should also be used with caution if you have:

• epilepsy - a condition that causes fits 
• a history of kidney or liver problems
• a history of heart problems 
• a history of some digestive system problems, such as gastro-oesophageal reflux disease

If any of the above applies to you, consult your GP or pharmacist before taking hyoscine.

Antihistamines

Antihistamines are an alternative type of medicine to hyoscine. They are often used to treat the symptoms of allergies, but can also control nausea and vomiting. Antihistamines are slightly less effective at treating motion sickness than hyoscine, but they may cause fewer side effects.

There are several different types of antihistamines, including some that cause drowsiness. Antihistamines used to treat motion sickness that cause drowsiness include: 

• promethazine
• cyclizine
• cinnarizine

These are usually taken as tablets one or two hours before your journey. If it is a long journey, you may need to take a dose every eight hours.

As well as drowsiness, these medicines may also cause: 

• headaches
• pins and needles  
• a dry mouth 
• blurred vision

Complementary therapies

Several complementary therapies have been suggested for motion sickness, although the evidence for their effectiveness is mixed.

Ginger

It has been suggested that taking ginger supplements may help prevent the symptoms of motion sickness. Ginger is sometimes used for other types of nausea, such as morning sickness during pregnancy.

There is little research specifically into the use of ginger to treat motion sickness, but ginger does have a long history of being used as a remedy for nausea and vomiting. Some studies that investigated the use of ginger for motion sickness found a benefit, while others found no benefit at all.

As well as ginger supplements, many other ginger products are available, including ginger biscuits and ginger tea. If you use ginger products, buy them from a reputable source, such as a pharmacist or supermarket. Before taking ginger supplements, check with your GP that they will not affect any other medication you are taking.

In some cases, ginger can cause mild side effects, such as diarrhoea and heartburn.

Acupressure bands

Acupressure bands are stretchy bands that are worn around your wrists. They apply pressure to a particular point on the inside of your wrist between the two tendons that run down your inner arm.

Some complementary therapists have claimed that using an acupressure band can be an effective method of treating motion sickness.

A 2006 review of several studies looked at acupuncture and acupuncture point stimulation (such as acupressure bands) for nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy, pregnancy and motion sickness. It found that there was growing evidence that stimulating this point may have a beneficial effect on nausea and vomiting.

A more up-to-date review is currently underway, although there is little research into acupressure bands used specifically to treat motion sickness.

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